Beijing jade has a long and rich history, dating back to the Neolithic period when the “Shandingdong People” used jade as jewelry for women. Over the centuries, the art of jade carving developed, with intricate craftsmanship and elegant designs. Jade is known for its hardness, delicate texture, and vibrant colors. Common jade materials include nephrite, jadeite, agate, turquoise, and crystal.
In the 21st century, the jade industry has faced challenges due to the heavy burdens of older enterprises, a shortage of funds and raw materials, an aging workforce, and the outflow of skilled workers. As many traditional craftsmen retire or pass away, the jade industry is struggling to find successors.
Origin and Rise
The art of Beijing jade flourished during the Yuan Dynasty, with Qiu Chuji as a key figure. The industry developed two distinct styles: Southern jade (centered around Suzhou and Yangzhou) and Northern jade (centered around Beijing). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade carving reached its peak. Many southern craftsmen moved to Beijing, combining the best of both traditions to create a unique Beijing style.
Classification
Beijing jade is primarily divided into two categories:
- Large pieces like jade incense burners, vases, and animal figures, often displayed in public spaces.
- Small pieces, including rings, necklaces, seals, and decorative items, known for their fine detail.
Techniques
Beijing jade craftsmanship is highly respected, with artisans following principles of material selection, artistic expression, and careful chiseling. Techniques like round carving, relief carving, and intaglio carving are commonly used. The production process involves several stages: planning, sketching, carving, and polishing.
The Four Masters of Jade
In modern times, Beijing has produced many renowned jade artisans, known as the “Four Masters of Jade”: Pan Bingheng, He Rong, Liu Deying, and Wang Shusen. The jade industry has seen new growth since the 1980s, contributing to Beijing’s reputation as a hub for traditional craftsmanship. However, the sector now faces challenges due to the aging workforce and lack of successors.
Phoenix Lee https://chinese-tradition.com/beijing-jade-a-timeless-art-of-china.html